O JIHAD MIDIÁTICO DO ESTADO ISLÂMICO: FORMAS DE TENSIONAMENTO DA IDENTIDADE MUÇULMANA NA EUROPA
Palavras-chave:
Identidade muçulmana; Estado Islâmico; mídias digitais; Europa.Resumo
Este artigo discute formas pelas quais o grupo autointitulado Estado Islâmico (EI) logrou tensionar a identidade muçulmana na Europa, por meio de sua estratégia de propaganda oficial voltada para um público ocidental e da valorização da atuação de seguidores da região no jihad midiático nas plataformas digitais. São explorados vídeos e revistas produzidos pelo al-Hayat Media Center, um departamento predominantemente voltado para a elaboração de material de comunicação de alta qualidade para audiências do Ocidente, e a atuação dos seguidores nas redes sociais digitais. A proposta não é a realização de um exame rigoroso da produção comunicacional do grupo, mas, através da análise de uma compilação de publicações em mídias digitais, apreender como esta serve, em conjunto, ao propósito de engajamento de indivíduos na Europa, com ênfase em tópicos relativos a questões identitárias, existenciais e de pertencimento. No estudo, a noção de identidade religiosa tem centralidade, com a religiosidade considerada um marcador identitário, já que esta se manifesta de forma atípica no contexto investigado. Na comunicação do grupo, a identidade islâmica é construída como oposta à europeia, com o intuito de gerar um conflito de lealdades, particularmente para indivíduos de segundas e terceiras gerações de ascendência muçulmana nascidos no continente, em um momento de crise de pertencimento. A narrativa do EI é enfocada pelo prisma de sua função como aglutinadora de dinâmicas e problemáticas já em curso, iluminando aspectos pouco estudados do fenômeno de engajamento de europeus ao grupo.
Referências
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KATZ, Rita. The State Department’s Twitter War With ISIS Is Embarrassing. Time Magazine, Nova York, 16 set. 2014. Disponível em: http://time.com/3387065/isis-twitter-war-state-department/. Acesso em: 20 mar. 2017.
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MILLER, Carl. Inside the secret plan to reboot Isis from a huge digital backup: The terrorist group is defeated and routed. But its backup plan survives. Wired. 4 set. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.wired.co.uk/article/isis-digital-backup. Acesso em: 22 set. 2020.
MILLER, Greg; HIGHAM, Scott. In In a Propaganda War Against ISIS, the U.S. Tried to Play by the Enemy’s Rules. The Washington Post, Washington, 8 maio 2015. Disponível em: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/in-a-propaganda-war-us-tried-to-play-by-the-enemys-rules/2015/05/08/6eb6b732-e52f-11e4-81ea-0649268f729e_story.html?utm_term=.61a600005c0c. Acesso em: 20 mar. 2017.
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PAGANI, Daniele. The Intimate Invitation: Deciphering the Ideological Appeal of the Islamic State. Wion News, 7 fev. 2017. Disponível em: http://www.wionews.com/world/the-intimate-invitation-deciphering-the-ideological-appeal-of-the-islamic-state-12128. Acesso em: 15 mar. 2017.
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SHERRER, Amandine. The return of foreign fighters to EU soil. European Parliamentary Research Service, mai. 2018. Disponível em: https://wb-iisg.com/wp-content/uploads/bp-attachments/5634/EPRS_STU2018621811_EN-1.pdf. Acesso em: 8 ago. 2020.
SMITH II, Michael S. On the latest IS vídeo RE the Paris plot. Downrange, 25 jan. 2016. Disponível em: https://insidethejihad.com/2016/01/on-the-latest-is-video-re-paris/. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2018.
STERN, Jessica; BERGER, J. M. ISIS: The State of Terror. Nova York: Ecco Press Harper Collins, 2015.
UN COUNTER-TERRORISM CENTRE. Enhancing the Understanding of the Foreign Terrorist Fighters Phenomenon in Syria, jul. 2017. Disponível em: https://www.un.org/en/counterterrorism/assets/img/Report_Final_20170727.pdf. Acesso em: 11 jul. 2018.
VALE, Gina. Women in Islamic State: From Caliphate to Camps. ICCT Policy Brief, out. 2019. Disponível em: https://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Women-in-Islamic-State-From-Caliphate-to-Camps.pdf. Acesso em: 30 out. 2019.
VINCENT, James. “I Can Haz Islamic State Plz”: Isis Propaganda on Twitter Turns to Kittens and Lolspeak. The Independent, Londres, 21 ago. 2014. Disponível em: http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/isis-propaganda-on-twitter-turns-to-kittens-and-lolspeak-i-can-haz-islamic-state-plz-9683736.html. Acesso em: 10 mar. 2017.
WEISS, Michael; HASSAN, Hassan. Estado Islâmico: desvendando o Exército do Terror. São Paulo: Seoman, 2015.
WHITESIDE, Craig. Lighting the Path: the Evolution of the Islamic State Media Enterprise 2003-2016). ICCT – International Centre for Counter Terrorism, The Hague, nov. 2016. Disponível em: https://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ICCT-Whiteside-Lighting-the-Path-the-Evolution-of-the-Islamic-State-Media-Enterprise-2003-2016-Nov2016.pdf. Acesso em: 10 dez. 2017.
WINTER, Charlie. Media Jihad: the Islamic State’s Doctrine for Information Warfare. Londres, The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, 2017. Disponível em: https://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ICSR-Report-Media-Jihad-The-Islamic-State%E2%80%99s-Doctrine-for-Information-Warfare.pdf. Acesso em: 20 mar. 2017.
WINTER, Charlie; PARKER, Jade. Virtual Caliphate Rebooted: The Islamic State’s Evolving Online. Lawfare, 7 jan. 2018. Disponível em: https://www.lawfareblog.com/virtual-caliphate-rebooted-islamic-states-evolving-online-strategy. Acesso em: 8 jan. 2018.
WOOD, Graeme. A guerra do fim dos tempos: o Estado Islâmico e o mundo que ele quer. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2017.
ZELIN, Aaron Y. Picture or it didn’t happen: A snapshot of the Islamic State’s official media output. Perspectives on Terrorism, v. 9, n. 4, p. 85-97, 2015. Disponível em: http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/445/876. Acesso em: 2 fev. 2018.
ATWAN, Abdel Bary. Islamic State: The Digital Caliphate. Londres: Saqi Books, 2015.
BARRETT, Richard. Foreign Fighters in Syria. Nova York: The Soufan Group, 2014. Disponível em: http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/TSG-Foreign-Fighters-in-Syria.pdf. Acesso em: 20 nov. 2017.
BASRA, Rajan; NEUMANN, Peter R. Crime as Jihad: Developments in the Crime-Terror Nexus in Europe. CTC Sentinel, v. 10, n. 9, out. 2017. Disponível em: https://ctc.usma.edu/crime-as-jihad-developments-in-the-crime-terror-nexus-in-europe/. Acesso em: 11 nov. 2017.
BBC NEWS. World: South Asia Taleban telly ban, 8 jul. 1998. Disponível em: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/128921.stm. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2018.
CASTELLS, Manuel. A Era da Informação: economia, sociedade e cultura, v. 1 – A Sociedade em Rede. 11. ed. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2008.
CLARION PROJECT. Islamic State’s (ISIS, ISIL) Horrific Magazine, 10 set. 2014. Disponível em: https://clarionproject.org/islamic-state-isis-isil-propaganda-magazine-dabiq-50/. Acesso em: 10 set. 2017.
COSTA, Ana Carolina. A nova face do terror: uma interpretação da propaganda audiovisual do Estado Islâmico como fenômeno cultural na era da midiatização. Dissertação (Mestrado) − Faculdade de Arquitetura, Artes e Comunicação, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, 2018.
COTTEE, Simon; CUNLIFFE, Jack. Watching ISIS: How Young Adults Engage with Official English-Language ISIS Videos. Studies in Conflicts and Terrorism, v. 43, n. 3, p. 183-207, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1444955. Acesso em: 4 abr. 2018.
CRETHI PLETHI. Isis’s Propaganda Machine, 2014. Disponível em: http://www.crethiplethi.com/isis-s-propaganda-machine/islamic-countries/syria-islamic-countries/2015/. Acesso em: 10 jan. 2018.
DABIQ (Islamic State Magazine), n. 1, 2014a. Arquivo pessoal da autora.
DABIQ (Islamic State Magazine), n. 2, 2014b. Arquivo pessoal da autora.
DABIQ (Islamic State Magazine), n. 7, Fev. 2015a. Disponível em: https://clarionproject.org/docs/islamic-state-dabiq-magazine-issue-7-from-hypocrisy-to-apostasy.pdf. Acesso em: 10 mar. 2017.
DABIQ (Islamic State Magazine), n. 12, Nov. 2015b. Arquivo pessoal da autora.
DABIQ (Islamic State Magazine), n. 14, 2016. Arquivo pessoal da autora.
DANSCHKE, Claudia. “Pop Jihad”: History and structure of salafism and jihadism in Germany. ISRM Working Paper Series, n. 2, 2013.
DEARDEN, Lizzie. Isis urged undercover BBC reporter to launch terror attacks in London Bridge and Westminster. The Independent, Londres, 4 set. 2017. Disponível em: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/isis-undercover-bbc-reporter-london-bridge-terror-attacks-westminster-borough-market-online-a7928641.html. Acesso em: 3 jan. 2018.
ELLIOT, Anthony. Contemporary Social Theory: An Introduction. Nova York: Routledge, 2009.
FRAMPTON, Martyn; FISHER, A.; PRUCHA, N. The New Netwar: Countering Extremism Online. Londres: Policy Exchange, 2017. Disponível em: https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/The-New-Netwar-1.pdf. Acesso em: 10 out. 2017.
INGRAM, Haroro. An analysis of Inspire and Dabiq: Lessons from AQAP and Islamic State’s propaganda war. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, v. 40, n. 5, p. 357-375, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1212551. Acesso em: 12 maio 2018.
INGRAM, Haroro. Islamic State’s English-language magazines, 2014-2017: Trends & implications for CT-CVE strategic communications. ICCT Research Paper, mar. 2018. Disponível em: https://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ICCT-Ingram-Islamic-State-English-Language-Magazines-March2018-1.pdf. Acesso em: 13 mar. 2018.
JIHAD INTEL. The Middle East Forum, 2018. Disponível em: http://jihadintel.meforum.org/group/52/islamic-state-iraq-levant. Acesso em: 15 fev. 2018.
KATZ, Rita. The State Department’s Twitter War With ISIS Is Embarrassing. Time Magazine, Nova York, 16 set. 2014. Disponível em: http://time.com/3387065/isis-twitter-war-state-department/. Acesso em: 20 mar. 2017.
KLAUSEN, Jytte. Tweeting the Jihad: Social Media Networks of Western Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Routledge, v. 38, n. 1, p. 1-22, 9 dez. 2014. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2014.974948. Acesso em: 9 set. 2017.
LESACA, Javier. Armas de seducción masiva: la factoría audiovisual de Estado Islámico para fascinar a la generación millennial. Barcelona: Ediciones Península, 2017.
MACNAIR, Logan; FRANK, Richard. “To My Brothers in the West”: A Thematic Analysis of Videos Produced by the Islamic State’s al-Hayat Media Center. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, v. 33, n. 3, p. 234-253, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986217699313. Acesso em: 10 set. 2017.
MAHER, Shiraz. Salafi-Jihadism: the History of an Idea. Londres: Penguin, 2017.
MAHLOULY, Dounia; WINTER, Charlie. A tale of two caliphates: comparing the Islamic State’s internal and external messaging priorities. Vox Pol, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.voxpol.eu/download/vox-pol_publication/A-Tale-of-Two-Caliphates-Mahlouly-and-Winter.pdf. Acesso em 20 nov. 2018.
MCCANTS, William. The Isis Apocalypse: The History, Strategy, and Doomsday Vision of the Islamic State. Nova York: Picador; St. Martin’s Press, 2016.
MILLER, Carl. Inside the secret plan to reboot Isis from a huge digital backup: The terrorist group is defeated and routed. But its backup plan survives. Wired. 4 set. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.wired.co.uk/article/isis-digital-backup. Acesso em: 22 set. 2020.
MILLER, Greg; HIGHAM, Scott. In In a Propaganda War Against ISIS, the U.S. Tried to Play by the Enemy’s Rules. The Washington Post, Washington, 8 maio 2015. Disponível em: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/in-a-propaganda-war-us-tried-to-play-by-the-enemys-rules/2015/05/08/6eb6b732-e52f-11e4-81ea-0649268f729e_story.html?utm_term=.61a600005c0c. Acesso em: 20 mar. 2017.
MILTON, Daniel; LODOEN, Julia; O’FARRELL, Ryan; LOERTSCHER, Seth. Newly Released ISIS Files: Learning from the Islamic State’s Long-Version Personnel Form. CTC Sentinel, v. 12, n. 9, out. 2019. Disponível em: https://ctc.usma.edu/newly-released-isis-files-learning-islamic-states-long-version-personnel-form/. Acesso em: 30 out. 2019.
NANNINGA, Pieter. Branding a Caliphate in Decline: The Islamic State’s Video Output (2015- 2018). ICCT Research Paper, abr. 2019. Disponível em: https://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/ICCT-Nanninga-Branding-a-Caliphate-in-Decline-April2019.pdf. Acesso em: 30 abr. 2019.
OBE, Rachel Briggs; SILVERMAN, Tanya. Western Foreign Fighters Innovations in Responding to the Threat. Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2014. Disponível em: https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ISDJ2784_Western_foreign_fighters_V7_WEB.pdf. Acesso em: 11 jul. 2018.
PAGANI, Daniele. The Intimate Invitation: Deciphering the Ideological Appeal of the Islamic State. Wion News, 7 fev. 2017. Disponível em: http://www.wionews.com/world/the-intimate-invitation-deciphering-the-ideological-appeal-of-the-islamic-state-12128. Acesso em: 15 mar. 2017.
REED, Alastair. IS Propaganda: Should We Counter the Narrative?. ICCT Publications, 17 mar. 2017. Disponível em: https://icct.nl/publication/is-propaganda-should-we-counter-the-narrative/. Acesso em: 20 mar. 2017.
ROSE, Steve. The Isis Propaganda War: a Hi-Tech Media Jihad. The Guardian, Londres, 7 out. 2014. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/07/isis-media-machine-propaganda-war. Acesso em: 15 mar. 2017.
SHERRER, Amandine. The return of foreign fighters to EU soil. European Parliamentary Research Service, mai. 2018. Disponível em: https://wb-iisg.com/wp-content/uploads/bp-attachments/5634/EPRS_STU2018621811_EN-1.pdf. Acesso em: 8 ago. 2020.
SMITH II, Michael S. On the latest IS vídeo RE the Paris plot. Downrange, 25 jan. 2016. Disponível em: https://insidethejihad.com/2016/01/on-the-latest-is-video-re-paris/. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2018.
STERN, Jessica; BERGER, J. M. ISIS: The State of Terror. Nova York: Ecco Press Harper Collins, 2015.
UN COUNTER-TERRORISM CENTRE. Enhancing the Understanding of the Foreign Terrorist Fighters Phenomenon in Syria, jul. 2017. Disponível em: https://www.un.org/en/counterterrorism/assets/img/Report_Final_20170727.pdf. Acesso em: 11 jul. 2018.
VALE, Gina. Women in Islamic State: From Caliphate to Camps. ICCT Policy Brief, out. 2019. Disponível em: https://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Women-in-Islamic-State-From-Caliphate-to-Camps.pdf. Acesso em: 30 out. 2019.
VINCENT, James. “I Can Haz Islamic State Plz”: Isis Propaganda on Twitter Turns to Kittens and Lolspeak. The Independent, Londres, 21 ago. 2014. Disponível em: http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/isis-propaganda-on-twitter-turns-to-kittens-and-lolspeak-i-can-haz-islamic-state-plz-9683736.html. Acesso em: 10 mar. 2017.
WEISS, Michael; HASSAN, Hassan. Estado Islâmico: desvendando o Exército do Terror. São Paulo: Seoman, 2015.
WHITESIDE, Craig. Lighting the Path: the Evolution of the Islamic State Media Enterprise 2003-2016). ICCT – International Centre for Counter Terrorism, The Hague, nov. 2016. Disponível em: https://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ICCT-Whiteside-Lighting-the-Path-the-Evolution-of-the-Islamic-State-Media-Enterprise-2003-2016-Nov2016.pdf. Acesso em: 10 dez. 2017.
WINTER, Charlie. Media Jihad: the Islamic State’s Doctrine for Information Warfare. Londres, The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, 2017. Disponível em: https://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ICSR-Report-Media-Jihad-The-Islamic-State%E2%80%99s-Doctrine-for-Information-Warfare.pdf. Acesso em: 20 mar. 2017.
WINTER, Charlie; PARKER, Jade. Virtual Caliphate Rebooted: The Islamic State’s Evolving Online. Lawfare, 7 jan. 2018. Disponível em: https://www.lawfareblog.com/virtual-caliphate-rebooted-islamic-states-evolving-online-strategy. Acesso em: 8 jan. 2018.
WOOD, Graeme. A guerra do fim dos tempos: o Estado Islâmico e o mundo que ele quer. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2017.
ZELIN, Aaron Y. Picture or it didn’t happen: A snapshot of the Islamic State’s official media output. Perspectives on Terrorism, v. 9, n. 4, p. 85-97, 2015. Disponível em: http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/445/876. Acesso em: 2 fev. 2018.
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2021-07-08
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Sarno, H. R. B. (2021). O JIHAD MIDIÁTICO DO ESTADO ISLÂMICO: FORMAS DE TENSIONAMENTO DA IDENTIDADE MUÇULMANA NA EUROPA. TROPOS: COMUNICAÇÃO, SOCIEDADE E CULTURA (ISSN: 2358-212X), 10(1). Recuperado de https://periodicos.ufac.br/index.php/tropos/article/view/4518
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Dossiê - Mídia, religião e religiosidade na era da digitalização
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Declaro que após aprovado para publicação a Revista Tropos editada pela Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), passará a ter os direitos autorais do trabalho, que se tornarão propriedade exclusiva da Revista, sendo permitida a reprodução total ou parcial desde que devidamente referenciada.
